DOCUMENTATION STYLE FOR HISTORY RESEARCH PAPERS
General Principles for ALL major assignments (refer to NTCI Student Agenda Book):
- ALL major assignments require a title page
- ALL major assignments must be double spaced in at least 10 or 12-point type
- ALL major assignments require a list of sources used
- ALL research papers must include citations. Whenever you draw information from another writer or source (EVEN IF YOU PARAPHRASE), you MUST identify the source of the information.
Specific Guidelines for History
History does NOT use either the MLA style (used for English and Modern Languages) or the APA style (used for
Social Sciences and Sciences, Business and Math).
In History, documentation of sources is done using footnotes or endnotes. In your post-secondary studies in History,
you will need to be familiar with the CHICAGO STYLE of documentation. This is the documentation style that
you will be expected to use in your history essays at N.T. and in your post-secondary studies in History.
FOOTNOTES/ ENDNOTES
The source of an authoritative opinion, a direct quotation or statistical evidence is identified by the use of a
footnote or an endnote. Either system (footnotes or endnotes) is acceptable. Footnotes (as the title suggests) are
placed at the foot or bottom of the page on which the opinion, quotation or statistic appears; footnote numbers
(Arabic not Roman numerals) are not cumulative (you begin at #1 for each page on which a footnote appears).
Endnotes are numbered cumulatively through the paper and are printed on a separate page at the end of your essay
(before your References List/ Bibliography). The correct header for this endnote page is “Notes”.
FOOTNOTE/ ENDNOTE FORM
1. Place the footnote or endnote number (in superscript) at the end of the direct quotation or at the end of the sentence in which you have paraphrased another author or used a statistic from another source. The number is placed after the period or quotation mark, unless you have two citations in one sentence. Then, you would place one number after the quotation or paraphrase or statistic and the second number at the end of the sentence (after the period or quotation mark). If you are working on WORD, you may access superscript by going to
“format”, then “font” and then “superscript”.
2. a) The first time you identify a source in a footnote, you must provide a complete citation (see examples below).
b) If you use the same source in the very next footnote/endnote, use Ibid. and the page number.
c) If you use a source later in the paper that you have already identified in a footnote/endnote, it is not necessary to provide the full citation again. Simply identify the source by the author’s surname and the page from which the reference is drawn.( If you are using more than one source by the same author, also include an abbreviation of the title plus the page reference).
3. The first line of each footnote/endnote is indented FIVE spaces; when the entry continues onto the next line, you
begin at the margin.
4. Do not write p. or page; simply use the page number.
5. If using the footnote (rather than endnote) system, separate the last line of the text of your paper from the footnote(s) with a horizontal line that begins at the margin and goes 1/3 across the page.
6. FOOTNOTING/ ENDNOTING IS EASY TO DO USING YOUR SOFTWARE. If you are using WORDPERFECT, go to “INSERT” on your toolbar and scroll down to “Footnote/Endnote”
EXAMPLES OF FOOTNOTE/ENDNOTES
Book with a single author:
1Charles Tupper, Love, Lasting and True. (Toronto: Grey Press, 1892), 155-156.
Book with two or more authors:
2Liam P. Unwin and Joseph Galloway, Peace in Ireland. (Boston: Stronghope Press, 1990), 34.
Book with no author identified:
3The Problems That Occur Due to Anonymity. (Nowhere: Know-nothing Press, 1999), 10.
Book with an editor:
4Anthony B. Tortelli, ed. Sociology Approaching the Twenty-first Century. (Los Angeles: Peter and Sons, 1991), 62.
Article in a Journal:
5W.L.Mackenzie King, “Where the Wind Blows,” (July 1948) 35.
Selection in an anthology/ one article in an edited collection of articles:
6John Diefenbaker, “Where are my Strawberries?” Empty Spaces, Ed. Lester Pearson (Montreal: Crutch Press, 1967), 62.
A newspaper or magazine article:
7Arthur Meighen, “Why Not Me?” Canadian Governance Daily, 1 October, 1925, sec 1B.
Encyclopedia article:
8Encyclopedia Canadiana, 11th ed., s.v. “Prime Ministers.”
ELECTRONIC SOURCES
Internet Documents:
9S.A. Moulthrop, Traveling in the Breakdown Lane: A Principle of Resistance for Hypertext
http://www.ubalt.edu/www/ygcla/sam/essays/pre_breakdown.html> May 1994.
Online Internet Journal Article:
10E.W.Gorr and Z.W. Gorr (1998), The Rhetoric of Video Games, in Rhetorical Theory Quarterly [electronic
journal], [cited 23 February, 2004], available http://www.rtquarterly.com/game.html.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A bibliography is the list of all the sources you have read/ consulted in doing your research. The Bibliography (you may also use the term “References List”) is placed on a separate page at the end of the paper.
BIBLIOGRAPHY FORM
1. Sources are listed IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, BY THE AUTHOR’S SURNAME.
2 If the source does not list an author, the alphabetical sequence is set by the title (don’t use “The” or “A” in the title to set the alphabetical sequence).
3. DO NOT number the sources listed in your Bibliography/ References List.
4. Each entry begins at the margin; if the entry requires a second line, indent EIGHT spaces on the second line.
EXAMPLES OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC FORMS
Book with a single author:
Tupper, Charles. Love, Lasting and True. Toronto: Grey Press, 1892.
Book with two or more authors:
Unwin, Liam P. and Joseph Galloway. Peace in Ireland. Boston: Stronghope Press, 1990.
Book with no author identified:
The Problems That Occur Due to Anonymity. Nowhere: Know-nothing Press, 1999.
Book with an editor:
Tortelli, Anthony B., ed. Sociology Approaching the Twenty- first Century. Los Angeles: Peter and Sons, 1991.
Article in a Journal:
W.L.Mackenzie King. “Where the Wind Blows.” The Spiritualist 22(July 1948) 35-37.
Selection in an anthology/ one article in an edited collection of articles.
John Diefenbaker. “Where are my Strawberries?” Empty Spaces. Ed. Lester Pearson. Montreal:Crutch Press, 1967. 57-63.
Newspaper or magazine article:
Meighen, Arthur. “Why Not Me?” Canadian Governance Daily, 1 October 1925, sec 1B.
Encyclopedia article:
Encyclopedia Canadiana, 11th ed. S.v. “Prime Ministers.”
ELECTRONIC SOURCES
Internet Documents:
Moulthrop, S.A. Travelling in the Breakdown Lane: A Principle of Resistance for Hypertext. http://www.ubalt.edu/www/ygcla/sam/essays/pre- breakdown.html. May 1994.
Online Internet Journal Article:
Gorr, E.W. and Gorr, Z.W.(1998) The Rhetoric of Video Games. In Rhetorical Theory Quarterly [electronic journal]. [Cited 23 February 2004]. Available http://www.rt.quarterly.com/game.html.
Any questions about Chicago Style formatting? Check out the following web sites.
1 Chicago Manual of Style
This is set up as a “Frequently asked questions”(FAQ) site. Go to the site, scroll down to documentation topic (on the left side of your screen) and the question-answer page will appear on your screen.
2. Western Washington Universities
A “Quick reference guide” to the Chicago Manual of Style (from the Western Washington Universities)
(prepared by K.McConnachie, Sept.2004)
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