9.6 Review Exercise 9

      What would be printed by the following fragment?

         String s = "one";
         String t = new String(s);
         String u = s;
         u = "two";
         t = "three";
         System.out.println(s + " " + t + " " + u);

      Given the declaration
         String s = "Alyssa Titus";
      find the value of each expression.
      (a) s.charAt(3)                   (b) s.indexOf('a')
      (c) s.substring(7)                (d) s.length()
      (e) s.substring(2,3)              (f) s.charAt(2)
      (g) s.indexOf('o')                (h) s.indexOf('s',5)
      (i) s.toLowerCase()               (j) s.substring(1,7)
      (k) s.equals("Alyssa")            (l) s.compareTo("a") < 0

     For each expression, state whether it is true or false.

      (a) '3' > '2'
      (b) 'm' < 'M'
      (c) '7' < 's'
      (d) 'z' < ' '
      (e) "foo".compareTo("fool") < 0
      (f) "foo".compareTo("Foo") > 0

      A program is expecting command line Arguments in the form
         <given <name> <family name> <age> <sex>
      where <sex> is a single charecter. For example,
        Luka Matutinovic 19 m
      would be a valid sequence of command line arguments.

      Assuming that the main method of the program has the form
        public static void main (String[] args)
      write a fragment that would use these arguments to assign appropriate values to the String variable full name,
      the int variable age, and the char variable sex. For the example, the fragment should set
        full name = "Luka Matutinovic"
        age = 19
        sex = 'm'
      Assume that all arguments are valid.

      Suppose that we want a class Dog in which each dog has a name, a breed, and an age (in years). The firlds of the class 
      are

        private String name;
        private String breed;
        private int age;

      (a) Wrirt an equals method for the Dog class. Two Dog objects should be considered equal if the breeds are the same and 
          the ages differ by one year or less.

      (b) Write a toString method for the class. As an example, for an object representing a three year old Samoyed named
          "Toby", the method should return "Toby - Breed: Samoyed, Age: 3"

      Write a program that reads a string and then prints a diamond shaprd array based on the characters of the string. 
      As an example, if the string has the value "SAMPLE", then the program should print the pattern

                                            S
                                           SAS
                                          SAMAS
                                         SAMPMAS
                                        SAMPLPMAS
                                       SAMPLELPMAS
                                        SAMPLPMAS
                                         SAMPMAS
                                          SAMAS
                                           SAS
                                            S

      The program should work for a string up to ten xharecters long. If a user supplies a string that is longer than ten
      characters, the program should use only the first ten characters in forming the pattern.

      A palindrome is a string that reads the same both forward and backward. Examples of palindromes are "radar", "31413",
      and "god a dog".

      (a) Write a boolean-valued method isPalindrome that has a single String parameter. The method should return true if and 
          only if its parameter is a palindrome.
   
      (b) Modify your method so that it ignores the cases of letters, punctuation marks, and blanks in making a decision about
          whether or not a string is a palindrome. For example, the string:
             "A man, a plan, a canal: Panama!"
          (a reference to Ferdinanad de Lessups, the chief engineer of the first attempt to build the Panama canal) should be
          taken to be a palindrome.

      In the Review Exercises of Chapter 4, Question 13 asked for a progran that implemented a test for divisibility by 11.
      In answering that question, you were to assume that the input could be represented by a long value. If the input is read
      as a String, this restriction is no longer necessary. Write a program that repeatedly prompts to user for arbitrarily long
      integers and uses Dodgson's algorithm to determine whether or not each one is divisible by 11.

Projects

      Write a program that reads names in standard form and prints them in the form

              <last name>, <any given initials>

      The program should prompt the user for names, halting when the user provides the name ZZZ. As an example, the input of
      Santa Claus
      Michael J. Fox
      Madonna
      William Henry Richard Charles Windsor
      ZZZ

      should produce output of
    
       
          Claus, S.
       Fox, M. J.
       Madonna
       Windsor, W. H. R. C.

      Write a program that reads a string containing a Roman numeral representing a value in the range 1 to 3999. The program 
      should print the Roman numeral and its value in our notation (a Hindu Arabic numeral).
  
           Roman numerals use the symbols I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, and M = 1000.
        
           Roman numerals use an additive rather than a positional notation. Numerals are formed by writing symbols from the
           preceding list, from left to right, to represent a sum, each time using the symbol for the largest possible value 
           from the list of symbols. This rule is subject to the limitation that no symbol may be written ,ore than three 
           times in a row. To avoid this, the system uses IV = 4, IX = 9, XL = 40, XC = 90, CD = 400, and CM = 900.

      As examples, VIII = 8, XXIV = 24, LXXXIX = 89, MMVIII = 2008, MDCCCLXXIX = 1879

      Write a program that will perform arithmetic operations on pairs of integers written in various number bases. Input to 
      the program should consist of aan arbitrary number of expressions, each of which is written on one line. Each expression
      should consist of the following five items seperated by one or more blanks:

           an input base: 2 to 10
        
           a first integer, written in the input base
        
           an operator: +, -, *, /, %
 
           a second integer, written in the input base

           an output base: 2 to 10

      The two integers written in the input base should be converted to a base ten representation, the indicated arithmetic 
      operation should be performed, the result should be converted to the output base, and a summary should be prrinted 
      in a tasteful manner. As an example, input of
         73 (base 8) + 216 (base 8)
         = 59 + 142
         = 201
         = 1301 (base 5)

      Your program should be modular, using methods appropriately. Bad data should be rejected by your program without 
      causing it great grief.

One of the tasks performed by a text editor or word processor is the breaking up of text into lines of a specified
length. For this assignment you are to write a program that carries out this task. Specifically, your program should
perform the following tasks:

Prompt the user, repeatedly if necessary, for a line width: an integer that is at least 20 and at the most 60.

Read lines of text and rearrange the text if necessary so that the words fit into lines of the specified width.
The input will be terminated by a single line containing only ZZZ. You should not make any assumptions about the
maximum length of a line of input or the maximum number of words in a line of input. You may assume that there will
be no more than 100 lines of output. If a single word is longer than a full output line, display it on a line by
itself with blank lines preceding and following the line containing the word. As illustrated in the following
example, there may be more than one blank between words. It is also possible that the input may contain blanks
before punctuation marks. These should be eliminated. For example, the text
Bubbles , baubles , and bangles are beautiful .
should be written as:
Bubbles, baubles, and bangles are beautiful.
You may assume that the input contains only words and the following six punctuation marks: period (.), comma (,),
colon (:), semi-colon (;), exclamation mark (!), and question mark (?). If a punctuation mark occurs after a word
whose length is equal to or greater than the line length, that punctuation mark should be printed immediately
following the word. In such cases, the word should be preceded and followed by blank lines.

Print the re-formatted text. This output should not include the ZZZ that terminated the input.

The StringTokenizer class, described in section 9.4 of the text, contains methods that you may find helpful in writing
your program. It is not necessary to use these methods; the project can be done by using only methods from the string
class.

Your program should behave as shown in the following example.

Provide a line width (20-60): 75
Provide a line width (20-60): 35
Provide input (zz to stop):
Reasonable people adapt to the world ;
the unreasonable ones
persist in trying to adapt the world to themselves.
Therefore all progress depends on
unreasonable people.
aVeryVeryLongWordTahtMayNotFitOnOneLine.
The last line
ZZZ

Reasonable people adapt to the
world; the unreasonable ones
persist in trying to adapt the
world to themselves. Therefore all
progress depends on unreasonable
people.

aVeryVeryLongWordTahtMayNotFitOnOneLine.

The last line

      Extend the program of the previous question so that it produces text that is right-justified. In this form, extra 
      blanks are inserted if necessary between words so that each line of the resulting text has exactly the width that
      was specified. Blanks should be distributed in a line so that inter-word spaces are as close to equal as possible.
      If some inter-word spaces are larger than others, the larger ones should be on the left. For example, if ten 
      blanks must be distributed over four inter-word spaces, they should be distributed left to right in the order 
      3-3-2-2. You should not try to justify the text of a line if there is only one word on a line or if the line is 
      the last line of the text. For the example of the previous question, your program should produce output of the 
      following form:

       
          Reasonable   people  adapt  to  the
       world;    the   unreasonable   ones                   
       persist  in  trying  to  adapt  the 
       world  to themselves. Therefore all 
       progress  depends  on  unreasonable
       people.
  
       aVeryVeryLongWordTahtMayNotFitOnOneLine.

       The last line